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英汉翻译资料(很è€çš„资料)三人行
约有13项,以下是第1 - 13项 | | | 2008年 十月 12日 04:53 | | 以下内容出自:
æˆéƒ½åœ°è´¨å¦é™¢ä¸»ç¼–;“高ç‰å¦æ ¡è¯•用教æã€Šè‹±è¯ã€‹ç¬¬ä¸‰å†Œï¼ˆåœ°è´¨ç±»ï¼‰â€ï¼›ï¼‘979年6月第1版,人民教育出版社出版。
附录II 英汉翻译简介(第269页至第3ï¼ï¼‘页)
ç¬¬ä¸€èŠ‚ã€€ç¿»è¯‘æ ‡å‡†ä¸Žç¿»è¯‘è¿‡ç¨‹
一ã€ç¿»è¯‘æ ‡å‡†
ã€€ã€€å¯¹äºŽç¿»è¯‘æ ‡å‡†ï¼Œè™½æœ‰äººæå‡ºè¿‡ä¸å°½ç›¸åŒçš„规定,但比较一致的看法å¯ä»¥ç”¨â€œä¿¡â€ã€â€œé¡ºâ€ä¸¤ä¸ªå—æ¥æ¦‚æ‹¬ã€‚â€œä¿¡â€æ˜¯æŒ‡å¿ å®žäºŽåŽŸä½œï¼Œâ€œé¡ºâ€æ˜¯æŒ‡è¯‘文通顺,åˆä¹ŽçŽ°ä»£æ±‰è¯çš„规范。
ã€€ã€€å¿ å®žäºŽåŽŸä½œï¼Œä¸»è¦æ˜¯æŒ‡å¿ 实于原作的内容,对原作所述内容ä¸äºˆå¢žæ·»å’Œåˆ 节,ä¸åšæªæ›²çš„æ”¹åŠ¨ï¼ŒåŒæ—¶è¿˜è¦ä¿æŒåŽŸä½œçš„æ–‡ä½“é£Žæ ¼ã€‚
  译文è¦åˆä¹ŽçŽ°ä»£æ±‰è¯çš„规范。è¦ç”¨çŽ°ä»£çš„ã€é€šç”¨çš„è¯è¯ï¼Œé£è¯é€ å¥è¦ç¬¦åˆæ±‰è¯è¯æ³•和汉è¯è¡¨è¾¾ä¹ 惯,ä¸ç”Ÿæ¬ç¡¬å¥—ä¸ç¬¦åˆæ±‰è¯ä¹ 惯的原文å¥å¼å’Œæé…ä¹ æƒ¯ã€‚
ã€€ã€€å¿ å®žäºŽåŽŸä½œå’Œè¯‘æ–‡é€šé¡ºäºŒè€…æ˜¯ç»Ÿä¸€çš„ã€‚ä¸å¿ äºŽåŽŸä½œï¼Œç¿»è¯‘å°±ä»Žæ ¹æœ¬ä¸Šå¤±åŽ»äº†ä»·å€¼å’Œä½œç”¨ï¼›è¯‘æ–‡ä¸é€šé¡ºï¼Œä¸åˆæ±‰è¯è§„范,也就ä¸èƒ½è¾¾åˆ°ä¼ 达原作内容的目的,å¯ä»¥è¯´ä¸â€œé¡ºâ€å³ä¸â€œä¿¡â€ã€‚
二ã€ç¿»è¯‘过程
ã€€ã€€ç¿»è¯‘è¿‡ç¨‹å¤§ä½“ä¸Šå¯æ¦‚括为ç†è§£ä¸Žè¡¨è¾¾ä¸¤ä¸ªé˜¶æ®µã€‚ç†è§£æ˜¯æŒ‡é€šè¿‡åŽŸä½œçš„è¯è¨€å½¢å¼ç†è§£åŽŸä½œçš„å†…å®¹ï¼›è¡¨è¾¾æ˜¯æŒ‡åœ¨è¯‘ä½œè¯è¨€ä¸å¯»æ‰¾å’ŒæŒ‘选æ°å½“的表达方å¼ã€‚
  ç†è§£æ˜¯è¡¨è¾¾çš„å‰æå’ŒåŸºç¡€ã€‚å› ä¸ºä¸€æ–¹é¢ï¼Œä¸ç†è§£åˆ™è°ˆä¸ä¸Šè¡¨è¾¾ï¼›å¦ä¸€æ–¹é¢ï¼Œç†è§£ä¸å‡†ç¡®å°±ä¼šäº§ç”Ÿé”™è¯¯çš„表达。
  Both of the substances do not dissolve in water.
  这两ç§ç‰©è´¨éƒ½ä¸æº¶äºŽæ°´ã€‚(误)
  这两ç§ç‰©è´¨å¹¶ä¸éƒ½æº¶äºŽæ°´ã€‚(æ£ï¼‰
  å‰è¾¹çš„错误译å¥ä¾¿æ˜¯å› 为没有准确ç†è§£åŽŸæ–‡é€ æˆçš„ã€‚ç¿»è¯‘ç§‘æŠ€ä½œå“æœ¬æ¥æ˜¯ä¸ºäº†ä¼ æ’知识,如果把关键的地方如定义ã€ç»“论ç‰è¯‘错了,就起ä¸åˆ°ä¼ æ’知识的作用。
  准确的ç†è§£å¾€å¾€å¹¶ä¸å®¹æ˜“,å³ä½¿é‚£äº›åˆçœ‹ä¼¼ä¹Žç®€å•è€Œåˆæ˜Žäº†çš„地方也常常出问题。
  Contrary to what is often thought, the earth does not move around in the empty space.
  与通常的想法相å,地çƒåœ¨ç©ºæ— ä¸€ç‰©çš„ç©ºé—´ä¸æ˜¯ä¸è¿è½¬çš„。(误)
  与通常的想法相å,地çƒå¹¶ä¸æ˜¯åœ¨ç©ºæ— 一物的空间è¿è½¬çš„。(æ£ï¼‰
ã€€ã€€å› æ¤ï¼Œç¿»è¯‘时一定è¦åœ¨ç†è§£åŽŸæ–‡ä¸Šæ·±ä¸‹åŠŸå¤«ï¼Œè¦åˆ†æžè¯è¨€çŽ°è±¡ï¼Œè¦äº†è§£åŽŸä½œæ‰€æ¶‰åŠçš„事物,è¦å°½é‡å¤šæŽŒæ¡äº›ä¸ŽåŽŸä½œæœ‰å…³çš„ä¸“ä¸šçŸ¥è¯†ä»¥å¸®åŠ©ç†è§£åŽŸä½œçš„å†…å®¹ã€‚
  表达就是把ç†è§£å…·ä½“化。英汉两ç§è¯è¨€ç›¸äº’之间å˜åœ¨ç€å·®åˆ«ï¼ŒåŒæ ·ä¸€ä¸ªè‹±æ–‡å¥åè¯‘ä¸ºæ±‰è¯æ—¶å¯ä»¥æœ‰è‹¥å¹²ç§è¡¨è¾¾æ–¹å¼ï¼Œè¿™å°±è¦æ ¹æ®æ±‰è¯è¡¨è¾¾ä¹ æƒ¯çš„è¦æ±‚和上下文之间的内在è”系寻找和挑选最æ°å½“的表达方å¼ã€‚
  Some atoms are so constructed that they lose electrons easily.
  æŸäº›åŽŸåæ˜¯å¦‚æ¤è¢«æž„é€ çš„ï¼Œä»¥è‡´å®ƒä»¬å¾ˆå®¹æ˜“å¤±åŽ»ç”µå。
ã€€ã€€è¿™ä¸ªè¯‘æ–‡å¤§ä½“ä¸Šå¿ å®žäºŽåŽŸä½œçš„å†…å®¹ï¼Œä½†è¯è¨€ç”Ÿç¡¬ï¼Œä¸åˆæ±‰è¯ä¹ 惯,ä¸å¦‚下é¢çš„译文表达æ°å½“:
  æŸäº›åŽŸå的结构使它们很容易失去电å。
  ç†è§£å’Œè¡¨è¾¾ä¹Ÿæ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªç»Ÿä¸€çš„过程。ç†è§£çš„æ—¶å€™å°±æƒ³åˆ°è¡¨è¾¾ï¼Œè¡¨è¾¾çš„æ—¶å€™åˆ™ä¼šåŠ æ·±ç†è§£ï¼Œæœ‰æ—¶ç”šè‡³èƒ½å‘现ç†è§£çš„é”™è¯¯è€ŒåŠ ä»¥çº æ£ã€‚ç†è§£ä¹‹åŽæ‰èƒ½è¡¨è¾¾ï¼Œä½†è¡¨è¾¾ä¹Ÿå¯ä»¥ä½¿ç†è§£æ·±åˆ»åŒ–。
  准确的ç†è§£å’Œæ°å½“çš„è¡¨è¾¾æ˜¯è¾¾åˆ°ç¿»è¯‘æ ‡å‡†çš„å‰æã€‚
本文连载,明天å‘下一节:è¯ä¹‰çš„确定与表达。 | | 2008年 十月 13日 04:46 | | 第二节 è¯ä¹‰çš„确定与表达
汉英两ç§è¯è¨€ä¸ä¸€è¯å¤šä¹‰ä¸å®¹è¾žå’Œä¸€è¯å¤šç”¨çš„现象都很普é,而英è¯ä¸æŸä¸ªè¯ä¸Žæ±‰è¯ä¸ç›¸åº”çš„è¯ä¹‹é—´åœ¨é€‚用范围和æé…ä¹ æƒ¯ä¸Šéƒ½ä¼šæœ‰è®¸å¤šå·®åˆ«ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œç¿»è¯‘时首先è¦è§£å†³çš„问题便是,如何准确地判æ–è¯ä¹‰ä»¥åŠå¦‚ä½•åœ¨è¯‘æ–‡ä¸æ°å½“地表达è¯ä¹‰ã€‚
一ã€è¯ä¹‰çš„确定
ã€€ã€€ï¼‘ï¼‰æ ¹æ®è¯ç±»è¾¨åˆ«è¯ä¹‰
  è¯åœ¨å¥å䏿€»è¦æ‹…当一定的æˆåˆ†ã€‚用法ä¸åŒï¼Œè¯ä¹‰å¾€å¾€éšç€æ”¹å˜ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œé€šè¿‡è¯åœ¨å¥å䏿‰€æ‹…当的æˆåˆ†æ¥è¾¨åˆ«è¯ç±»ï¼Œä¾¿æœ‰åŠ©äºŽç¡®å®šè¯¥è¯çš„ç¡®åˆ‡æ„æ€ã€‚这就是确定åŒå½¢å¼‚ç±»è¯çš„è¯ä¹‰çš„ä¸»è¦æ–¹æ³•。例如:
  light ——
  Since natural gas is lighter than oil, the gas accumulates above the oil. (形容è¯ï¼‰
ã€€ã€€å› ä¸ºå¤©ç„¶æ°”æ¯”æ²¹è½»ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥å¤©ç„¶æ°”èšç§¯åœ¨æ²¹ä¸Šé¢ã€‚
  Sound travels much more slowly than light. (åè¯ï¼‰
ã€€ã€€å£°æ¯”å…‰ä¼ æ’得慢得多。
  Our houses are lighted by electricity. (动è¯ï¼‰
  我们的房屋用电照明。
  well ——
  The well is deep enought to reach the ground water table. (åè¯ï¼‰
  这å£äº•很深,足以达到潜水é¢ã€‚
  In the early 1960s it was suggested that the ridges might mark areas where material was welling up from inside the earth. (动è¯ï¼‰
  二å世纪å…åå¹´ä»£åˆæœ‰äººæå‡ºï¼Œæ´‹ä¸è„Šå¯èƒ½å°±æ˜¯ä»Žåœ°çƒå†…部涌出物质的地方。
  The cone by then was well over 450 feet high. (副è¯ï¼‰
  到那时ç«å±±é”¥çš„高度已ç»è¿œè¿œè¶…过了四百五å英尺。
ã€€ã€€ï¼’ï¼‰æ ¹æ®ä½¿ç”¨åœºåˆåˆ¤æ–è¯ä¹‰
  åŒä¸€ä¸ªè¯ç”¨åœ¨ä¸åŒåœºåˆï¼Œå¾€å¾€æ„æ€ä¸åŒã€‚在科技文献ä¸ï¼ŒåŒä¸€ä¸ªè¯ç”¨åœ¨ä¸åŒçš„å¦ç§‘或专业ä¸å¸¸å¸¸å…·æœ‰ä¸åŒçš„å«ä¹‰ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œæ³¨æ„使用场åˆçš„区别是判æ–è¯ä¹‰çš„é‡è¦ä¸€çŽ¯ã€‚ä»¥ power 为例:
  state power 国家æƒåŠ›
  D. C. power ç›´æµç”µæº
  water power 水力
  electric power 电力
  power-station å‘电站
  power package 动力机组
  nuclear power æ ¸å¤§å›½ï¼›æ ¸åŠ¨åŠ›
  chemical power 化å¦èƒ½
  candle power 烛光
  amplifying power 放大率
  power-boat 汽艇
  power fuel å‘动机燃料
二ã€è¯ä¹‰çš„表达
  1)è¯ä¹‰çš„æé…è¦ç¬¦åˆæ±‰è¯ä¹ 惯
ã€€ã€€è‹±ã€æ±‰ä¸¤ç§è¯è¨€å„有一套è¯çš„æé…ä¹ æƒ¯ã€‚è‹±è¯‘æ±‰æ—¶è¦ç‰¹åˆ«æ³¨æ„形容è¯ä¸Žåè¯ã€åЍè¯ä¸Žåè¯çš„æé…æ–¹å¼ï¼Œå¿…须按照汉è¯çš„ä¹ æƒ¯æ¥å¤„ç†è‹±è¯çš„æé…è¯ã€‚以 build å’Œ heavy 为例:
  build (动è¯ï¼‰â€”—
  build a house 盖房å
  build a bridge 架桥
  build a fire 生ç«
  build a ship é€ èˆ¹
  build a dam ç‘å
  build a railway ä¿®é“è·¯
  build socialism 建设社会主义
  heavy (形容è¯ï¼‰â€”—
  heavy materials é‡çŸ¿ç‰©
  heavy objects 笨é‡çš„物å“
  heavy rain 大雨
  heavy oil 釿²¹
  heavy machine é‡åž‹æœºæ¢°
  heavy work ç¹é‡çš„工作
  heavy crops 丰收
  heavy storm 大风暴
  heavy fire 猛烈的炮ç«
  heavy sea 汹涌的大海
  heavy roads 泥泞的é“è·¯
  heavy current 强电æµ
  heavy traffic 拥挤的交通
  a heavy sky 阴沉的天空
  Rocks changed from their first form by high temperture and great pressure in the earth are called metamorphic rocks.
  由于地çƒå†…部的高温高压而改å˜äº†åŽŸå§‹å½¢æ€çš„岩石å«åšå˜è´¨å²©ã€‚
  Heavy spring rains loosen the soil and wash it into the water.
ã€€ã€€æ˜¥å¤©çš„å¤§é›¨ç–æ¾äº†åœŸå£¤å¹¶æŠŠåœŸå£¤å†²è¿›æ²³æ°´ã€‚
  As to how life originated, geology unfortunately gives little information.
  至于生命的起æºï¼Œå¯æƒœåœ°è´¨å¦æä¾›çš„资料很少。
  2)è”ç³»ä¸Šä¸‹æ–‡çµæ´»å¤„ç†è¯ä¹‰
  有些è¯ä¸èƒ½æŒ‰ç…§è¯é¢æ„æ€ç›´è¯‘过æ¥ï¼Œå¯¹äºŽè¿™äº›è¯ï¼Œå¿…须在准确ç†è§£åŽŸä¹‰çš„åŸºç¡€ä¸Šï¼Œæ ¹æ®ä¸Šä¸‹æ–‡çš„内在è”系,åšå‡ºçµæ´»å¤„ç†ã€‚
  The facts and theories at its core are the deposit of a good three centuries of hard work and hard thinking.
  它(地质å¦ï¼‰çš„基本资料和基本ç†è®ºæ˜¯æ•´æ•´ä¸‰ä¸ªä¸–纪æ¥è¾›å‹¤å·¥ä½œå’Œè‰°è‹¦æ€ç´¢çš„结晶。
  The roar and crash of man-made structures mingled with a dull booming from the earth itself.
  建ç‘物纷纷倒塌的哗啦哗啦声与地çƒå†…部å‘出的低沉的隆隆声交织æˆä¸€ç‰‡ã€‚
  A stream's velocity is its rate of flow, measured in feet per second or miles per hour.
  河æµçš„速度就是它的æµåŠ¨é€Ÿåº¦ï¼Œç”¨æ¯ç§’若干英尺或æ¯å°æ—¶è‹¥å¹²è‹±é‡Œæ¥è¡¨ç¤ºã€‚
ã€€ã€€åº”å½“æŒ‡å‡ºçš„æ˜¯ï¼Œç¢°åˆ°è¿™ç±»éš¾è¯‘çš„è¯æ—¶ï¼Œå¤ç«‹åœ°ç†è§£ä¸€ä¸ªè¯å¾€å¾€å¾ˆå›°éš¾ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œå¿…须从上下文的内在è”系上把æ¡å®ƒçš„确切å«ä¹‰ï¼Œæ‰èƒ½å¤„ç†å¥½ä¸€ä¸ªè¯ã€‚
  Gathering facts, confirming them, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings -- this is all the work of science, and the methods of carrying it out are sometimes brought together and labeled the scientific method.
ã€€ã€€æ”¶é›†èµ„æ–™å¹¶åŠ ä»¥ç¡®è¯ï¼Œæå‡ºç†è®ºå¹¶åŠ ä»¥æ£€éªŒï¼Œä»¥åŠå½’纳整ç†â€œç ”ç©¶æˆæžœâ€â€”—这些就是全部的科å¦å·¥ä½œï¼Œè€Œå®Œæˆç§‘å¦å·¥ä½œçš„那些方法有时则被总括起æ¥â€œç§°ä¹‹ä¸ºç§‘妿–¹æ³•â€ã€‚(这里的 findings 若译为“å‘现â€ï¼Œåˆ™å¤ªç¬¼ç»Ÿï¼Œä¸èƒ½ç¡®åˆ‡ä¼ 达原义,è”ç³»ä¸Šä¸‹æ–‡ï¼Œè¯‘ä¸ºâ€œç ”ç©¶æˆæžœâ€å°±å…·ä½“而确切了;labeled çš„è¯ä¹‰åœ¨å¥ä¸å¼•伸了,æ„为“å–åâ€ã€â€œå‘½åâ€ï¼Œè‹¥è¯‘æˆâ€œè´´æ ‡ç¾â€ã€â€œæ ‡è®°â€ä¹‹ç±»ï¼Œæ˜¾ç„¶ä¸å¦¥ã€‚)
ä¸‹ä¸€èŠ‚ï¼šâ€œè¯æ€§è½¬æ¢â€ã€‚
é¡ºä¾¿é—®ä¸€ä¸‹ï¼Œæœ‰æ²¡æœ‰äººçŸ¥é“æ€Žä¹ˆæ‰“粗体å—和斜体å—? | | 2008年 十月 11日 03:53 | | 粗体,åªéœ€åœ¨å†…容å‰åŽåŠ ==å³å¯ã€‚ | | 2008年 十月 12日 00:41 | | å¯åŠ ç²—åŽå°±è‡ªåЍæ¢è¡Œäº†â€¦â€¦
谢谢,我已ç»çŸ¥é“了。 | | 2008年 十月 13日 03:08 | | ç¬¬ä¸‰èŠ‚ã€€è¯æ€§è½¬æ¢
  英译汉时,为了适应汉è¯çš„è¡¨è¾¾ä¹ æƒ¯ï¼Œè¦å°†å¥ä¸çš„æŸäº›è¯çš„è¯æ€§åŠ ä»¥æ”¹å˜ï¼Œè¿™å«åšè¯æ€§è½¬æ¢ã€‚常è§çš„æœ‰ä»¥ä¸‹å‡ ç§ï¼š
一ã€åè¯è½¬æ¢ä¸ºåЍè¯
  1)æŸäº›ç”±åŠ¨è¯æ´¾ç”Ÿæˆ–转æ¢çš„åè¯
  A change of state from a solid to a liquid form requires heat energy.
  从固æ€å˜ä¸ºæ¶²æ€éœ€è¦çƒèƒ½ã€‚
  Some scientists suggested that there had been a gradual evolution of life on earth.
  一些科å¦å®¶è®¤ä¸ºï¼Œåœ°çƒä¸Šçš„ç”Ÿå‘½æ˜¯é€æ¸è¿›åŒ–的。
  2)æŸäº›åŒä»‹è¯ç»„åˆåœ¨ä¸€èµ·çš„åè¯
  In their study of rocks and minerals geologists apply chemical and physical concepts of atoms, molecules and crystals.
ã€€ã€€ç ”ç©¶å²©çŸ³å’ŒçŸ¿ç‰©æ˜¯ï¼Œåœ°è´¨å¦å®¶ç”¨åŽŸåã€åˆ†å和晶体的化å¦ä¸Žç‰©ç†æ¦‚念。
  Clouds are formed by the evaporation of the water in the atomosphere.
  云是由大气ä¸çš„æ°´è’¸å‘åŽå½¢æˆçš„。
二ã€åЍè¯è½¬æ¢ä¸ºåè¯
  英è¯ä¸æœ‰äº›åЍè¯åœ¨æ±‰è¯ä¸æ²¡æœ‰ç›¸åº”的动è¯å½¢å¼ï¼Œç¢°åˆ°è¿™ç±»åŠ¨è¯æ±‰è¯‘时通常都æ¢ä¸ºåè¯ã€‚
  The earth on which we live is shaped like a ball.
  我们居ä½çš„地çƒï¼Œå½¢çжåƒä¸ªçƒã€‚
  A highly developed physical science is characterized by an extensive use of mathematics.
  一门高度å‘展的自然科å¦çš„特点是广泛地应用数å¦ã€‚
三ã€å½¢å®¹è¯è½¬æ¢ä¸ºå…¶ä»–è¯
  1)转æ¢ä¸ºå‰¯è¯
ã€€ã€€å½“å½¢å®¹è¯æ‰€ä¿®é¥°çš„åè¯è¯‘ä¸ºåŠ¨è¯æ—¶ï¼Œå½¢å®¹è¯è‡ªç„¶è¢«è¯‘æˆå‰¯è¯ï¼Œå‰é¢å·²æœ‰è¿™æ ·çš„例å,åˆå¦‚:
  Geology is concerned with systematic study of rocks and minerals.
  地质å¦å…³ç³»åˆ°ç³»ç»Ÿåœ°ç ”究岩石和矿物。
  Since the wide use of computers in the late 1950s, geologists have been increasingly attracted to mathematical methods of data analysis.
  自从二å世纪五åå¹´ä»£åŽæœŸå¹¿æ³›åœ°åº”用计算机以æ¥ï¼Œåœ°è´¨å¦å®¶ä»¬è¶Šæ¥è¶Šå–œçˆ±ç”¨æ•°å¦æ–¹æ³•分æžèµ„料。
  Only when we give full play to man's initiative can we make full use of machines to transform nature.
ã€€ã€€æˆ‘ä»¬åªæœ‰å……åˆ†åœ°å‘æŒ¥äººçš„ç§¯æžæ€§æ‰èƒ½å……åˆ†åœ°åˆ©ç”¨æœºå™¨æ¥æ”¹é€ 自然。
  2)转æ¢ä¸ºåЍè¯
  Natural gas is often present in the reservoir rock.
  储油田ä¸å¸¸æœ‰å¤©ç„¶æ°”。
  Both of the substances are not soluble in water.
  这两ç§ç‰©è´¨å¹¶ä¸éƒ½æº¶äºŽæ°´ã€‚
  3)转æ¢ä¸ºåè¯
  Evidence indicates that the outer core is about twice as dense as the material in the mantle.
ã€€ã€€æœ‰è¯æ®è¡¨æ˜Žå¤–地壳的密度约为地幔物质的两å€ã€‚
  Glass is much more soluble than quartz.
ã€€ã€€çŽ»ç’ƒçš„å¯æº¶æ€§æ¯”石英大得多。
å››ã€å‰¯è¯è½¬æ¢ä¸ºå½¢å®¹è¯
  Earthquakes are closely related to faulting.
  地震与æ–裂è¿åŠ¨æœ‰å¯†åˆ‡çš„å…³ç³»ã€‚
  The magma within the earth may be heavily charged by gases and steam.
  地çƒå†…的岩浆å¯èƒ½å«æœ‰å¤§é‡çš„æ°”体和蒸汽。
  (试比较:地çƒå†…的岩浆å¯èƒ½å¤§é‡åœ°è´Ÿè·ç€æ°”体和蒸汽。)
五ã€ä»‹è¯è½¬æ¢ä¸ºåЍè¯
ã€€ã€€ä»‹è¯æ‰€è¿žæŽ¥çš„è¯ä¹‹é—´æœ‰æ—¶å«æœ‰åŠ¨ä½œæ„å‘³ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œæœ‰æ—¶å¯å°†åЍè¯è¯‘为介è¯ã€‚
  There is no generally accpeted name for the rock layers formed during an era.
  没有统一的åç§°æ¥ç§°å‘¼åŒä¸€ä»£å†…生æˆçš„å„ç§å²©å±‚。
  Ground water also contains dissolved carbon dioxide from the air and from the exchange of gases in plant roots.
ã€€ã€€åœ°ä¸‹æ°´ä¹Ÿå«æœ‰æº¶è§£äº†çš„二氧化碳,这些二氧化碳是从空气和从æ¤ç‰©æ ¹ç³»çš„æ°”体交æ¢ä¸èŽ·å¾—çš„ã€‚
ä¸‹ä¸€èŠ‚ï¼šâ€œæ”¹å˜æˆåˆ†â€ã€‚ | | 2008年 十月 13日 04:47 | | ç¬¬å››èŠ‚ã€€æ”¹å˜æˆåˆ†
ã€€ã€€ä¸ºäº†ä½¿è¯‘æ–‡ç¬¦åˆæ±‰è¯çš„è¡¨è¾¾ä¹ æƒ¯ï¼Œæœ‰æ—¶éœ€è¦åœ¨è¯‘æ–‡ä¸å°†åŽŸæ–‡å¥åä¸çš„æŸäº›æˆåˆ†æ”¹å˜ä¸€ä¸‹ã€‚
  改å˜å¥åæˆåˆ†çš„çŽ°è±¡åœ¨ç¿»è¯‘ä¸æ˜¯éžå¸¸æ™®éçš„ï¼Œè¯æ€§è½¬æ¢å°±å·²ç»å¤§é‡åœ°æ¶‰åŠåˆ°äº†æˆåˆ†çš„æ”¹å˜ï¼Œè¿™é‡ŒåªæŠŠè¯æ€§ä¸å˜åªæ”¹å˜æˆåˆ†çš„译法略åšä»‹ç»ã€‚
一ã€å®¾è¯è¯‘作主è¯
  1)动è¯å®¾è¯è¯‘作主è¯
  如果原文å¥åä¸åЍè¯å®¾è¯åœ¨æ„义上与主è¯è”ç³»å¯†åˆ‡â€”â€”æˆ–è€…æ˜¯ä¸»è¯æ‰€ä»£è¡¨çš„事物的æŸä¸€éƒ¨åˆ†ï¼Œæˆ–者是它的æŸç§å±žæ€§ç‰ï¼Œæ±‰è¯‘时,一般把这动è¯å®¾è¯è¯‘作主è¯ã€‚
  Calcite has a relative density of 2.7.
  方解石的相对密度是2.7。
  (试比较:方解石具有2.7的相对密度。)
  A neutron has approximately the same weight as a proton.
  ä¸åçš„é‡é‡å‡ 乎与质å的相ç‰ã€‚
  (试比较:ä¸åå…·æœ‰å‡ ä¹Žå’Œè´¨å相ç‰çš„é‡é‡ã€‚)
  2)介è¯å®¾è¯è¯‘作主è¯
  当原å¥åä¸ä»‹è¯å®¾è¯åœ¨æ„ä¹‰ä¸Šæ˜¯ä¸»è¯æ‰€ä»£è¡¨çš„事物的æŸä¸€å±žæ€§ï¼Œæˆ–者是它的æŸä¸ªæ–¹é¢ã€æŸä¸€æ–¹æ³•或æŸä¸€ä½ç½®ç‰ç‰æ—¶ï¼Œæœ‰æ—¶å¯ä»¥æŠŠè¿™ä»‹è¯å®¾è¯æ”¹è¯‘为主è¯ï¼Œè€ŒæŠŠä»‹è¯çœåŽ»ä¸è¯‘。
  Mountain glaciers may vary in length and thickness.
  山岳冰å·çš„长度和厚度å„ä¸ç›¸åŒã€‚
  (试比较:山岳冰å·åœ¨é•¿åº¦å’ŒåŽšåº¦æ–¹é¢å„ä¸ç›¸åŒã€‚)
  Minerals usually differ in hardness.
  矿物的硬度往往å„ä¸ä¸€æ ·ã€‚
  (试比较:矿物在硬度上往往ä¸ä¸€æ ·ã€‚)
  This mineral specimen is the same as the other one in composition.
  这å—çŸ¿ç‰©æ ‡æœ¬çš„æˆåˆ†ä¸Žå¦å¤–é‚£å—ä¸€æ ·ã€‚
  (试比较:这å—çŸ¿ç‰©æ ‡æœ¬åœ¨æˆåˆ†æ–¹é¢ä¸Žå¦å¤–é‚£å—ä¸€æ ·ã€‚ï¼‰
二ã€è¡¨è¯è¯‘作主è¯
  Matter is anything that occupies space and has weight.
ã€€ã€€å‡¡å æœ‰ç©ºé—´å¹¶å…·æœ‰é‡é‡çš„都是物质。
  Neutrons are of vital importance to atoms since they overcome the natural tendency of protons to fly away from one another.
ã€€ã€€å¯¹äºŽåŽŸåæ¥è¯´ï¼Œè‡³ä¸ºé‡è¦çš„æ˜¯ä¸åï¼Œå› ä¸ºå®ƒä»¬èƒ½å¤Ÿå…‹æœè´¨å互相飞离的自然倾å‘。
三ã€ä¸»è¯è¯‘作定è¯
  这ç§è¯‘法是在更æ¢ä¸»è¯çš„åŒæ—¶è¿›è¡Œçš„,å¯å‚看宾è¯è¯‘作主è¯çš„译例。
å››ã€ä¸»è¯è¯‘作宾è¯
ã€€ã€€å¯¹äºŽè¢«åŠ¨è¯æ€ä½œè°“è¯ã€â€œthereâ€ä½œå¼•导è¯ä»¥åŠâ€œfindâ€ä½œâ€œæœ‰â€ã€â€œåœ¨â€è§£çš„å¥åž‹ï¼Œæ±‰è¯‘时有时å¯ä»¥æŠŠåŽŸæ¥çš„ä¸»è¯æ”¹ä½œå®¾è¯ã€‚
  As match burns, heat and light are given off.
ã€€ã€€ç«æŸ´ç‡ƒçƒ§æ—¶å‘出光和çƒã€‚
  Mountain glaciers are found in all parts of the world where mountain ranges are high.
  世界å„地凡山脉高耸的地方都有山岳冰å·ã€‚
  There is a tremendous amout of fresh water beneath of the surface of the earth.
  地表下有大é‡çš„æ·¡æ°´ã€‚
五ã€å®šè¯è¯‘作谓è¯
  汉译时把原æ¥ä¿®é¥°æŸä¸€åè¯çš„定è¯è¯‘作谓è¯ï¼Œæˆ–让它与该åè¯ä¸€èµ·æž„æˆä¸»è°“结构。
  The earth was formed from the same kind of materials that makes up the sun
  构æˆåœ°çƒçš„物质与构æˆå¤ªé˜³çš„物质是相åŒçš„。
  Diamonds are characterized by very great hardness.
  金刚石的特点是硬度æžé«˜ã€‚
  (试比较:金刚石的特点是æžé«˜çš„硬度。)
å…ã€çжè¯è¯‘作补è¯
  英è¯ä¸ç”¨ä½œçжè¯ä¿®é¥°åЍè¯å’Œå½¢å®¹è¯çš„æŸäº›è¯æ‰€è¡¨è¾¾çš„æ„æ€æ°å¥½è¦ç”¨æ±‰è¯çš„è¡¥è¯æ¥è¡¨è¾¾ã€‚
  The sun is far bigger than the earth.
  太阳比地çƒå¤§å¾—多。
  (试比较:太阳比地çƒè¿œè¿œåœ°å¤§ã€‚)
  The work has been done carefully.
  这工作已åšå¾—很细致。
ä¸‹ä¸€èŠ‚ï¼šâ€œåŠ è¯å’Œå‡è¯â€ã€‚ | | 2008年 十月 19日 00:44 | | ç¬¬äº”èŠ‚ã€€åŠ è¯å’Œå‡è¯
ã€€ã€€åŠ è¯æ˜¯æŒ‡åœ¨è¯‘æ–‡ä¸å¢žåŠ æŸäº›åŽŸæ–‡ä¸æ²¡æœ‰çš„è¯ï¼›å‡è¯æ˜¯æŒ‡åœ¨è¯‘æ–‡ä¸çœç•¥æŽ‰åŽŸæ–‡ä¸çš„æŸäº›è¯ã€‚åŠ è¯å’Œå‡è¯çš„ç›®çš„æ˜¯ä¸ºäº†ç¡®åˆ‡ä¼ è¾¾åŽŸæ„ï¼ŒåŒæ—¶åŠ›æ±‚è¯‘æ–‡ä¿®è¾žçš„é€šé¡ºä¸Žç¨³å¯†ã€‚
  下é¢å°±åŠ è¯ä¸Žå‡è¯çš„æƒ…况分别åšä¸€ç®€ä»‹ã€‚
一ã€åŠ è¯
  1)补出原文çœç•¥çš„部分
  Some substances are soluble, while others are not.
ã€€ã€€æœ‰äº›ç‰©è´¨æ˜¯å¯æº¶çš„,而å¦ä¸€äº›æ˜¯ä¸å¯æº¶çš„。
ã€€ã€€ï¼ˆæˆ–è¯‘ï¼šæœ‰äº›ç‰©è´¨å¯æº¶ï¼Œæœ‰äº›åˆ™ä¸ç„¶ã€‚)
  The earth is 7,929 miles in diameter at the equator and about 28 miles less in diameter at the poles.
  地çƒçš„赤é“直径是7,929英里,两æžä¹‹é—´çš„直径比赤é“直径约少28英里。
  2)é‡å¤åŽŸæ–‡ä¸çš„共有æˆåˆ†
  Chemical and X-ray analysis reveal the composition of minerals.
  化å¦åˆ†æžå’Œï¼¸å°„çº¿åˆ†æžæç¤ºå‡ºçŸ¿ç‰©çš„æˆåˆ†ã€‚
  (试比较:化å¦çš„å’Œï¼¸å°„çº¿çš„åˆ†æžæç¤ºå‡ºçŸ¿ç‰©çš„æˆåˆ†ã€‚)
  Scientists realized that plate tectonics might explain not only the drifting apart of continents but also the cause of earthquakes.
  科å¦å®¶å‘现,æ¿å—æž„é€ ä¸ä»…能够解释大陆的漂移,而且能够解释地震的æˆå› 。
  3)把原文ä¸éšå«çš„æ„æ€è¡¨è¾¾å‡ºæ¥
  Most such stars are many lifetimes away.
  大多数这类星çƒè·ç¦»æˆ‘们有数百光年那么远。
  (这里的 away 是指“离开我们所在的地çƒâ€ï¼›many lifetimes 是说“在人的一生的很多å€çš„æ—¶é—´ä¹‹å†…å…‰çš„ä¼ æ’æ‰€äº§ç”Ÿçš„è·ç¦»â€ï¼Œä¸ä¾¿ç›´è¯‘,所以用大致相当的约数“数百光年â€è¡¨è¾¾ã€‚如ä¸åŠ â€œæˆ‘ä»¬â€ã€â€œå…‰å¹´â€ã€â€œé‚£ä¹ˆè¿œâ€ç‰è¯ï¼Œè¯‘æ–‡å°±æ— æ³•ä¼ è¾¾åŽŸæ„。)
  Often an animal fossil is simply some hard part of an animal's body - its shell, perhaps, or a bone. The soft parts of an animal's body usually decay very fast. The hard parts often last much, much longer.
ã€€ã€€åŠ¨ç‰©åŒ–çŸ³å¸¸å¸¸åªæ˜¯åŠ¨ç‰©èº¯ä½“çš„æŸä¸ªåšç¡¬éƒ¨åˆ†â€”â€”æˆ–ä»‹å£³ï¼Œæˆ–éª¨å¤´ã€‚å› ä¸ºåŠ¨ç‰©èº¯ä½“çš„æŸ”è½¯éƒ¨åˆ†é€šå¸¸è…烂得很快,而其åšç¡¬éƒ¨åˆ†å´å¾€å¾€èƒ½ç»ä¹…ä¸è…。
  It (geology) is a synthesis of the natural sciences: astronomy, biology, chemistry, mathematics, and physics.
  它(地质å¦ï¼‰æ˜¯ä¸‹è¿°å„ç§è‡ªç„¶ç§‘å¦çš„综åˆä½“:天文å¦ã€ç”Ÿç‰©å¦ã€åŒ–å¦ã€æ•°å¦å’Œç‰©ç†å¦ã€‚
ã€€ã€€ï¼”ï¼‰ä¸ºäº†ä½¿åŽŸæ–‡è¯æ°”连贯,逻辑严密
  The earth has been, and is being, afftected by a myriad of interacting processes, and it is the task of geology to describe and interpret these processes and their results.
  地çƒç»å—了并且æ£åœ¨ç»å—ç€æ— 数交互作用的å˜åŠ¨è¿‡ç¨‹çš„å½±å“,而地质å¦çš„任务就是记述并解释这些过程åŠå…¶åŽæžœã€‚
  Heat from the sun stirs up the atmosphere, generating winds.
  太阳å‘出的çƒèƒ½æ…动大气,于是产生了风。
ã€€ã€€åŠ è¯çš„æƒ…å†µæ˜¯å¤æ‚的,除了以上æåˆ°çš„,åŽé¢è¿˜è¦è°ˆåˆ°ï¼ˆå¦‚å…·æœ‰çŠ¶è¯æ„味的定è¯ä»Žå¥çš„译法ç‰ï¼‰ã€‚
二ã€å‡è¯
  英è¯ä¸æœ‰äº›è¯ç±»åœ¨æ±‰è¯ä¸æ²¡æœ‰ï¼Œå¦‚å† è¯ã€å身代è¯ï¼›å¯¹äºŽè¿™äº›è¯ï¼Œåœ¨ä¸å½±å“原æ„的情况下,汉译时往往çœåŽ»ä¸è¯‘。å¦å¤–,英è¯ä¸è¿˜æœ‰äº›å¥åž‹ï¼Œå¦‚以“thereâ€ä½œå¼•导è¯çš„å¥åž‹ï¼Œç”¨â€œitâ€ä½œå½¢å¼ä¸»è¯æˆ–å½¢å¼å®¾è¯çš„å¥åž‹ï¼Œç”±äºŽè¿™äº›è¯æœ¬èº«åœ¨å¥ä¸å¹¶æ— è¯ä¹‰ï¼Œåªèµ·è¯æ³•作用,而汉è¯ä¸åˆæ²¡æœ‰åŒç±»ç»“æž„ï¼Œå› æ¤æ±‰è¯‘时将这些è¯ä¸€å¾‹çœåŽ»ä¸è¯‘。这些都ä¸å†ä¸¾ä¾‹è¯´æ˜Žã€‚下é¢å°†å‡è¯çš„其它情况略作说明。
  1)çœç•¥ä»£è¯
  汉è¯ä¸ä¸€èˆ¬ä¸é‡å¤ä½¿ç”¨ä»£è¯ï¼Œå› æ¤è‹±è¯ä¸å¾ˆå¤šä»£è¯æ±‰è¯‘时都应çœåŽ»ä¸è¯‘。
  Coal is a natural substance, but it is not classed as a mineral.
  煤是天然物质,但ä¸è¢«å½’为矿物类。(çœç•¥äººç§°ä»£è¯ï¼‰
  Geology, the science of the earth, tells us about the world, what it is made of, its age, its aging proceses, its landforms, and its abyssal ocean depths.
  地质å¦è¿™é—¨ç ”究地çƒçš„å¦ç§‘告诉我们有关本星çƒçš„æƒ…况:它的组æˆã€å¹´é¾„ã€åœ°å½¢ã€ä¸Žæ—¶ä¿±æ¥çš„ç§ç§å˜è¿ä»¥åŠæµ·åº•深渊。(çœç•¥åŽä¸‰ä¸ªç‰©ä¸»ä»£è¯ï¼‰
  2)çœç•¥åЍè¯
  英è¯å¥åä¸åЍè¯å¿…ä¸å¯å°‘,但汉è¯å¥ä¸å¾€å¾€ä¸ç”¨åЍè¯ï¼Œå› æ¤æ±‰è¯‘时有时å¯ä»¥çœåŽ»åŠ¨è¯ä¸è¯‘。
  In most cases the soil near the surface is merely damp and is not completely saturated with water.
  在大多数情况下,地表附近的土壤仅仅有些潮湿,并未完全被水饱和。
ã€€ã€€ï¼ˆè¯•æ¯”è¾ƒï¼šåœ¨å¤§å¤šæ•°æƒ…å†µä¸‹ï¼Œåœ°è¡¨é™„è¿‘çš„åœŸå£¤ä»…ä»…æ˜¯æœ‰äº›æ½®æ¹¿çš„ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸æ˜¯å®Œå…¨è¢«æ°´é¥±å’Œçš„。)
  For thsi reason television signals have a short range.
ã€€ã€€å› æ¤ï¼Œç”µè§†ä¿¡å·çš„ä¼ æ’è·ç¦»å¾ˆçŸã€‚
  3)其它çœç•¥æƒ…况
  å‡è¯çš„æƒ…况也很多,除了上é¢è®²çš„,下é¢å†ä¸¾æ•°ä¾‹ï¼š
  In the magnet the atoms are lined up in such a way that their electrons are circling in the same direction.
  在ç£ä½“ä¸ï¼ŒåŽŸåæŽ’列的方å¼ä½¿å…¶ç”µå沿åŒä¸€æ–¹å‘作圆周è¿åŠ¨ã€‚ï¼ˆç®€åŒ–â€œin such a way thatâ€ç»“构)
  在英è¯ä¸ï¼Œin such a way that 或 in such a way as to 的结构使用普é,汉译时往往ä¸èƒ½ç…§æ¬è¿‡æ¥ï¼Œè€Œå¸¸å¸¸ç®€åŒ–或çœåŽ»è¿™ä¸ªç»“æž„ï¼Œç”¨â€œä½¿â€æˆ–è€…â€œå› è€Œâ€ã€â€œä»Žè€Œâ€æ¥ä»£æ¢å®ƒçš„功能。åˆå¦‚:
  Already we have learned to split atoms in such a way as to abtain huge amout of energy.
  我们已ç»çŸ¥é“了如何分裂原å从而获得巨大的能é‡ã€‚
  An anticline is, in its simplest form, an arch in which the two sides, or limbs, dip outwards away from one another.
  以其最简化的形å¼è€Œè¨€ï¼ŒèƒŒæ–œå°±æ˜¯ä¸¤ç¿¼äº’相离开而å‘外倾斜的拱形。
  (这里的 sides å’Œ limbs åŒæŒ‡ä¸€ç‰©ï¼Œæ•…两è¯å‡ç•¥ä½œä¸€è¯è¯‘。)
  The helium atom has two electrons outside its nucleus, which accouts for the fact that its chemical properties differ from those of hydrogen.
  氦原åçš„åŽŸåæ ¸å‘¨å›´æœ‰ä¸¤ä¸ªç”µå,所以它的化å¦ç‰¹æ€§ä¸åŒäºŽæ°¢åŽŸå。(定è¯ä»Žå¥åŽ‹ç¼©ä¸ºä¸€ä¸ªè¿žè¯ï¼‰
下一节:“定è¯ä»Žå¥çš„译法â€ã€‚ | | 2008年 十月 20日 01:48 | | 第å…节 定è¯ä»Žå¥çš„译法
ã€€ã€€ç§‘æŠ€è‹±è¯æ–‡ç« ä¸ï¼Œå®šè¯ä»Žå¥çš„åº”ç”¨ç›¸å½“å¹¿æ³›ï¼Œç¿»è¯‘èµ·æ¥æœ‰æ—¶ä¹Ÿæ¯”è¾ƒå›°éš¾ï¼Œè¿™æ˜¯å› ä¸ºï¼š
  从形å¼ä¸Šè®²ï¼Œè‹±è¯å®šè¯ä»Žå¥å¾€å¾€ç»“æž„å¤æ‚,æžè”“丛生,而汉è¯åˆ™å¿Œç”¨å†—é•¿è€Œå¤æ‚的定è¯ï¼›
  从作用上讲,英è¯å®šè¯ä»Žå¥å¾€å¾€è¶…出å•çº¯ä¿®é¥°çš„èŒƒå›´ï¼Œè€Œå«æœ‰è¯¸å¦‚åŽŸå› ã€ç»“æžœã€ç›®çš„ã€è®©æ¥ç‰ç‰è¿™æ ·ä¸€äº›çжè¯çš„æ„å‘³ï¼Œè€Œæ±‰è¯çš„定è¯åªèµ·ä¿®é¥°æˆ–é™åˆ¶çš„作用。
  总之,英è¯çš„定è¯ä»Žå¥æ˜¯æ±‰è¯ä¸æ²¡æœ‰å¯¹åº”结构的一ç§è¾ƒä¸ºå¤æ‚çš„è¯æ³•çŽ°è±¡ï¼Œæ±‰è¯‘æ—¶å¿…é¡»æ ¹æ®å…·ä½“情况用ä¸åŒçš„æ–¹å¼å޻处ç†ã€‚下é¢ä»‹ç»å¸¸ç”¨çš„å‡ ç§å¤„ç†æ–¹å¼ï¼š
一ã€è¯‘æˆå®šè¯ï¼ˆâ€œçš„â€å—结构)
  Rocks and minerals are materials which make up earth's crust.
  岩石和矿物是构æˆåœ°å£³çš„ææ–™ã€‚
  The types of data which geologists collect are quite varied and numerous.
  地质å¦å®¶æ‰€æ”¶é›†çš„资料是多ç§å¤šæ ·çš„并且数é‡å¾ˆå¤§ã€‚
  The rate at which sediments accumulate varies widely.
  沉积物èšé›†çš„速度差别很大。
二ã€è¯‘æˆå¹³è¡Œåˆ†å¥
  对于ä¸å¸¦æœ‰çŠ¶è¯æ„味的éžé™åˆ¶æ€§å®šè¯ä»Žå¥ï¼Œä¸€èˆ¬éƒ½å¯é‡‡ç”¨åˆ†è¯‘的办法。分译有分为å‰ç½®ï¼ˆå®šè¯ä»Žå¥è¯‘å‡ºåŽæ”¾åœ¨ä¸»å¥å‰ï¼‰å’ŒåŽç½®ï¼ˆæ”¾åœ¨ä¸»è¯åŽï¼‰ä¸¤ç§ã€‚
  Volcanic ash settles quickly to form extensive beds of tuff, many of which contain perfectly preserved fissils.
  ç«å±±ç°è¿…速é™è½å½¢æˆäº†å¤§é¢ç§¯çš„å‡ç°å²©å²©å±‚,其ä¸å¾ˆå¤šå²©å±‚嫿œ‰ä¿å˜å®Œå¥½çš„化石。
  In addition to these two types of folds, however, we must mention another one, which is not easily classifiable as either anticline or syncline and is referred to as a monocline.
  然而,除了上述两ç§è¤¶çš±å¤–,我们还必须æåˆ°å¦å¤–一ç§ï¼Œè¿™ç§è¤¶çš±ä¸æ˜“å½’ç±»ä¸ºèƒŒæ–œæˆ–å‘æ–œï¼Œè€Œè¢«ç§°ä¸ºå•斜褶皱。
  (以上两例为分译åŽç½®ã€‚)
  Water itself may, as we have seen, be decomposed to hydrogen and oxygen.
  æ£å¦‚我们所看到的,水å¯ä»¥åˆ†è§£ä¸ºæ°¢å’Œæ°§ã€‚
  (上例为分译å‰ç½®ã€‚)
三ã€è¯‘æˆè¡¨ç¤ºåŽŸå› ã€ç»“æžœã€ç›®çš„ã€è®©æ¥ç‰çš„状è¯åˆ†å¥
  英è¯çš„定è¯ä»Žå¥ï¼Œæ— 论é™åˆ¶æ€§çš„æˆ–éžé™åˆ¶æ€§çš„,都有å¯èƒ½å¸¦æœ‰åŽŸå› ã€ç»“æžœã€ç›®çš„ã€è®©æ¥ã€ç‰ç‰çжè¯çš„æ„å‘³ï¼Œé‡åˆ°è¿™æ ·çš„定è¯ä»Žå¥ï¼Œåº”è¯¥åˆ†åˆ«åŠ ä¸Šâ€œå› ä¸ºâ€ã€â€œå› 而â€ã€â€œä½¿â€ã€â€œä¸ºäº†â€ã€â€œä»¥ä¾¿â€ã€â€œè®©â€ã€â€œæ— 论â€ç‰è¯ï¼Œå°†åŽŸæ–‡çš„å®šè¯è¯‘为汉è¯çš„å¸¦æœ‰çŠ¶è¯æ„味的分å¥ï¼Œä»¥ä¾¿ç¡®åˆ‡ä¼ 达原义。
  An animal fossil may be a whole animal which, when it died, was buried in such a way that its body was kept almost as it was when the animal was alive.
  动物化石å¯èƒ½æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªå®Œæ•´çš„åŠ¨ç‰©ï¼Œè¿™æ˜¯å› ä¸ºåŠ¨ç‰©æ»äº¡æ˜¯åŸ‹è‘¬æ¡ä»¶å¥½ï¼Œå› 而使其躯体ä¿å˜å¾—å‡ ä¹Žåƒå®ƒæ´»ç€çš„æ—¶å€™ä¸€æ ·ã€‚
  (é™åˆ¶æ€§å®šè¯ä»Žå¥ï¼Œè¡¨ç¤ºåŽŸå› ã€‚ï¼‰
  The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.
  太阳晒çƒåœ°çƒï¼Œä½¿æ¤ç‰©å¯èƒ½ç”Ÿé•¿ã€‚
  (éžé™åˆ¶æ€§å®šè¯ä»Žå¥ï¼Œè¡¨ç¤ºç»“果。)
  A gas occupies all of any container in which it is placed.
  ä¸ç®¡è£…在什么容器里,气体都会把容器充满。
  (é™åˆ¶æ€§å®šè¯ä»Žå¥ï¼Œè¡¨ç¤ºè®©æ¥ã€‚)
  If a new mineral is to be described, it is necessary to have a quantitative chemical analysis in which the percentages of the constituent elements are determined.
ã€€ã€€è‹¥è¦æè¿°ä¸€ç§æ–°çŸ¿ç‰©ï¼Œå°±å¿…须使用定é‡åŒ–å¦åˆ†æžæ³•,以便测定组æˆçŸ¿ç‰©çš„å…ƒç´ çš„ç™¾åˆ†æ¯”ã€‚
  (é™åˆ¶æ€§å®šè¯ä»Žå¥ï¼Œè¡¨ç¤ºç›®çš„。注æ„:为了使译文简æ´ï¼Œå®šè¯ä»Žå¥çš„译文ä¸çœç•¥äº† in which。)
å››ã€è¯‘为其它
  In determining the age of rocks, several principles can be applied. The principles which are used depend on the type of rock and the results of earth movements.
  测定岩石的年代,å¯ç”¨å‡ ç§æ–¹æ³•。究竟该用哪些方法,须视岩石的ç§ç±»å’Œåœ°å£³è¿åŠ¨çš„åŽæžœè€Œå®šã€‚
ã€€ã€€ï¼ˆæœ¬å¥æ ¹æ®ä¸Šä¸‹æ–‡çš„内在è”系,将定è¯ä»Žå¥ä¸Žå…ˆè¡Œè¯ä¸€èµ·æ¥è¯‘ï¼Œå¹¶åŠ ä¸Šâ€œç©¶ç«Ÿâ€ç‰å—译æˆä¸€ä¸ªæé—®å¼çš„分å¥å……当主è¯ï¼Œä»¥ä¾¿ä»Žå…¨å¥æ•´ä½“ç€çœ¼ï¼Œç¡®åˆ‡ä¼ 达原æ„。)
  Part of the water which falls as rain sinks into the ground.
  从天上é™ä¸‹çš„雨水,有一部分渗入地下。
  (本å¥å°†å®šè¯ä»Žå¥ä¸Žå…ˆè¡Œè¯åˆè¯‘为一个åè¯è¯ç»„,作为主è¯ï¼Œè€Œå°†åŽŸæ–‡çš„ä¸»è¯è¯‘æˆå®¾è¯ã€‚)
  There is no place on earth where the days are longer in winter than in summer.
  地çƒä¸Šæ²¡æœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªåœ°æ–¹å†¬å¤©çš„白昼比å¤å¤©é•¿ã€‚
  (本å¥å°†å®šè¯ä»Žå¥ä¸Žå…ˆè¡Œè¯åˆè¯‘为谓è¯ã€‚)
下一节:“被动å¥çš„译法â€ã€‚ | | 2008年 十月 21日 02:48 | | 第七节 被动å¥çš„译法
  英è¯å¥åä¸ï¼Œå‡¡ä¸å¿…ã€ä¸æ„¿æˆ–æ— ä»Žè¯´å‡ºåŠ¨ä½œçš„å‘出者时,谓è¯éƒ½è¦ç”¨è¢«åŠ¨è¯æ€ã€‚å¦å¤–,为了强调动作的对象或为了行文的需è¦ï¼Œä¹Ÿå¯ä»¥ç”¨è¢«åŠ¨è¯æ€ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œè‹±è¯ä¸è¢«åЍå¥å¼çš„ä½¿ç”¨ç›¸å½“å¹¿æ³›ï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯åœ¨ç§‘æŠ€æ–‡ç« ä¸ï¼Œæ›´æ˜¯éšå¤„å¯è§ã€‚但在汉è¯ä¸ï¼Œå³ä½¿å¥ä¸ä¸»è¯æ˜¯åŠ¨ä½œçš„æ‰¿å—者,也常常ä¸å¿…在谓è¯åЍè¯å‰åŠ ä¸Šè¡¨ç¤ºè¢«åŠ¨å«ä¹‰çš„è¯ã€‚æ¤å¤–,当ä¸éœ€è¦æŒ‡å‡ºåŠ¨ä½œçš„å‘出者时,还å¯ä»¥ç”¨æ— 主è¯å¥ç‰å½¢å¼ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œè¢«åЍå¥çš„翻译å¯ä»¥é‡‡å–多ç§å½¢å¼ã€‚现将被动å¥çš„常è§è¯‘法介ç»å¦‚下:
一ã€ä¿ç•™åŽŸæ¥çš„主è¯ï¼Œè°“è¯è¯‘为被动å¼
  1)在谓è¯å‰åŠ â€œè¢«â€
  “被â€å—在汉è¯ä¸ä¸»è¦ç”¨æ¥è¡¨ç¤ºä¸å¦‚æ„æˆ–䏿œŸæœ›å‘生的事,在现代汉è¯ä¸ï¼Œå®ƒçš„使用范围似有扩大的趋势,但毕竟是有é™çš„ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥ï¼Œåªæœ‰ä¸€éƒ¨åˆ†è‹±è¯è¢«åЍå¥è¯‘ä¸ºæ±‰è¯æ—¶æ‰åœ¨åЍè¯å‰åŠ â€œè¢«â€ã€‚
  Thus, steel, cement, plaster, and glass, although all are derived from naturally occurring mineral raw materials, are not regarded as minerals themselves, since they have been processed by man.
ã€€ã€€å› æ¤ï¼Œè™½ç„¶é’¢ã€æ°´æ³¥ã€ç°æ³¥å’ŒçŽ»ç’ƒå…¨éƒ½æ¥æºäºŽè‡ªç„¶ç•Œäº§å‡ºçš„矿物原料,但是全都ä¸è¢«å½“作矿物æ¥çœ‹å¾…ï¼Œå› ä¸ºå®ƒä»¬æ˜¯ç”±äººåŠ å·¥å‡ºæ¥çš„。
  (原文三个分å¥å…¨ç”¨è¢«åŠ¨è¯æ€ï¼Œåªæœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªè¯‘为被动å¥ï¼Œå¹¶åœ¨è°“è¯å‰åŠ äº†â€œè¢«â€å—。)
  At the edges of the continents, the crust is dragged downward to form the deep trenches of the ocean floors.
  在大陆的边缘,地壳被å‘下牵拉,从而在洋底形æˆäº†å¾ˆæ·±çš„æµ·æ²Ÿã€‚
  2)用“由â€ã€â€œå—â€ã€â€œä¸ºâ€ã€â€œè®©â€ã€â€œç»™â€ã€â€œè¢«â€ã€â€œåР以â€ã€â€œäºˆä»¥â€ã€â€œä¸ºâ€¦æ‰€â€¦â€ã€â€œæ˜¯â€¦çš„â€ç‰å¼•出行为主体。
  The atmosphere is made up of gases surrounding the solid and liquid parts of the earth.
  气圈是由环绕ç€åœ°çƒçš„固æ€éƒ¨åˆ†å’Œæ°”æ€éƒ¨åˆ†çš„å„ç§æ°”体构æˆçš„。
  Much of the dry land of today was once covered with water.
  今天的陆地曾有很大é¢ç§¯è¢«æ°´è¦†ç›–。
  Today the theory of evolution is accepted by almost all scientists.
ã€€ã€€ä»Šå¤©è¿›åŒ–è®ºå‡ ä¹Žä¸ºæ‰€æœ‰ç§‘å¦å®¶æ‰€æŽ¥å—。
二ã€ä¿ç•™åŽŸæ¥çš„主è¯ï¼Œè°“è¯è¯‘æˆä¸»åЍå¼
  EArthquakes are concentrated in certain areas of the earth.
  地震集ä¸åœ¨åœ°çƒçš„æŸäº›åœ°åŒºã€‚
  As the front of a glacier melts, the soil and rock particles are released from the ice and deposited.
  当冰舌èžåŒ–时,土粒和å°çŸ³å—就脱离冰快并沉积下æ¥ã€‚
  有时å³ä½¿è‹±è¯å¥ä¸çš„ä¸»è¯æ˜¾ç„¶æ˜¯åŠ¨ä½œçš„å¯¹è±¡ï¼Œè¯‘æ–‡ä¸ä¹Ÿä¸å¿…åŠ ä¸Šè¡¨ç¤ºè¢«åŠ¨æ„义的汉è¯è¯ï¼š
  Knowledge gained from studying earthquake waves has been applied in various fields.
ã€€ã€€é€šè¿‡ç ”ç©¶åœ°éœ‡æ³¢æ‰€èŽ·å¾—çš„çŸ¥è¯†å·²åº”ç”¨äºŽå„ç§é¢†åŸŸã€‚
  Rocks are classified into three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
ã€€ã€€å²©çŸ³åˆ†ä¸ºä¸‰å¤§ç±»ï¼šç«æˆå²©ã€æ²‰ç§¯å²©å’Œå˜è´¨å²©ã€‚
  有时,我们还å¯ä»¥åœ¨ç¿»è¯‘被动æ€è°“è¯æ—¶åŠ ä¸Šâ€œå¾—åˆ°â€ã€â€œå—到â€ä¹‹ç±»çš„è¯ï¼Œè€Œå°†åŽŸæ¥çš„动è¯è½¬æ¢ä¸ºåè¯å……当宾è¯ã€‚
  This idea of evolution is supported by many kinds of evidence.
ã€€ã€€è¿™ä¸ªè¿›åŒ–è®ºçš„æ€æƒ³å—到了很多ç§è¯æ®çš„æ”¯æŒã€‚
  The force causing the drift have not been fully explained.
  这些引起(大陆)漂移的力还没有得到充分的解释。
三ã€è¯‘ä¸ºæ— ä¸»å¥
  当原文没有行为主体时,有时å¯ä»¥è¿™æ ·è¯‘;这时原æ¥çš„主è¯å˜ä¸ºå®¾è¯ã€‚
  Many explanations have been proposed.
ã€€ã€€å·²ç»æå‡ºäº†å¾ˆå¤šç§è§£é‡Šã€‚
  Pure oxygen is given to patients in certain circumstances.
  æŸäº›æƒ…况下给病人å¸çº¯æ°§ã€‚
å››ã€è°“è¯åˆ†è¯‘
  把原文的被动æ€è°“è¯å•独译出,放在最å‰é¢ï¼Œåœ¨æŠŠå…¶å®ƒéƒ¨åˆ†è¯‘出放在åŽé¢ã€‚
  The outer core is believed to be composed mostly of iron and nickel in a molten state at a very high temperature.
ã€€ã€€æœ‰äººè®¤ä¸ºå¤–åœ°æ ¸ä¸»è¦æ˜¯ç”±åœ¨é«˜æ¸©ä¸‹å¤„于熔æ€çš„é“å’Œé•æž„æˆçš„。
  All bodies are known to possess weight.
  大家都知é“,所有物体都具有é‡é‡ã€‚
下一节:“å¦å®šè¡¨è¾¾å¼çš„译法â€ã€‚ | | 2008年 十月 22日 03:15 | | 第八节 å¦å®šè¡¨è¾¾å¼çš„译法
  英汉两ç§è¯è¨€è¡¨è¾¾å¦å®šçš„æ–¹å¼é¢‡æœ‰å·®å¼‚。下é¢å°†è‹±æ±‰ç§‘技翻译ä¸åº”ç€é‡æ³¨æ„çš„åœ°æ–¹ç•¥åŠ ä¸¾ä¾‹è¯´æ˜Žã€‚
一ã€å¦å®šä½ç½®çš„转移
  å¦å®šè¯åœ¨å¥ä¸ç©¶ç«Ÿå¦å®šå“ªä¸ªéƒ¨åˆ†ï¼Œå¯¹äºŽå…¨å¥çš„ç†è§£ä¸Žç¿»è¯‘æžä¸ºé‡è¦ã€‚从英译汉的角度æ¥çœ‹ï¼Œåœ¨è‹±è¯ä¸æ˜¯å¦å®šè°“è¯ï¼Œè¯‘æˆæ±‰è¯å´åº”是å¦å®šçжè¯ï¼›åœ¨è‹±è¯æ˜¯å¦å®šå®¾è¯ï¼Œè¯‘为汉è¯å´åº”是å¦å®šè°“è¯ç‰ç‰ï¼Œè¿™äº›åœ¨ç¿»è¯‘上是必须å分注æ„的。
  Perhaps you do not think of glass as an elastic material.
ã€€ã€€ä¹Ÿè®¸ä½ è®¤ä¸ºçŽ»ç’ƒä¸æ˜¯æœ‰å¼¹æ€§çš„物质。
  (汉è¯ä¸€èˆ¬ä¸è¯´ï¼šä¹Ÿè®¸ä½ ä¸è®¤ä¸ºçŽ»ç’ƒæ˜¯æœ‰å¼¹æ€§çš„ç‰©è´¨ã€‚ï¼‰
  He doesn't speak English correctly.
  他英è¯è¯´å¾—䏿£ç¡®ã€‚
  (原文å¦å®šè°“è¯ï¼Œè¯‘æ–‡å¦å®šè¡¥è¯ã€‚)
  Some of these microscopic creatures have no particular shape
ã€€ã€€è¿™äº›å¾®ç”Ÿç‰©ä¸æœ‰ä¸€äº›ä¸å…·æœ‰å›ºå®šçš„形状。
  (原文å¦å®šå®¾è¯ï¼Œè¯‘æ–‡å¦å®šè°“è¯ã€‚)
  The whole subject is so obsure that I have succeeded in throwing hardly any light on it.
ã€€ã€€è¿™æ•´ä¸ªé—®é¢˜æ˜¯å¦‚æ¤æ·±å¥¥éš¾è§£ï¼Œæˆ‘å‡ ä¹Žæœªèƒ½å¯¹å®ƒä½œå‡ºä»»ä½•é˜æ˜Žã€‚
  (原文å¦å®šå®¾è¯ï¼Œè¯‘æ–‡å¦å®šè°“è¯ã€‚)
  The motor did not stop running because the fuel was finished.
ã€€ã€€é©¬è¾¾åœæ¢äº†è¿è½¬ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸æ˜¯å› 为燃料用完了。
  (原文å¦å®šè°“è¯ï¼Œè¯‘æ–‡å¦å®šçжè¯ã€‚)
二ã€éƒ¨åˆ†å¦å®šä¸Žå…¨éƒ¨å¦å®š
  1)部分å¦å®šçš„表达方å¼åŠè¯‘法
    1. "Not all..." å¥å¼
    Not all stike-slip faults are vertical, nor is the slip always 100 percent horizontal.
ã€€ã€€ã€€ã€€å¹¶éžæ‰€æœ‰çš„èµ°å‘æ»‘动æ–层都是垂直的,滑动方å‘ä¹Ÿå¹¶ä¸æ€»æ˜¯ç™¾åˆ†ä¹‹ç™¾åœ°æ°´å¹³çš„。
    Not every minute difference is noticed.
ã€€ã€€ã€€ã€€å¹¶ä¸æ˜¯æ¯ä¸€ç‚¹ç»†å¾®çš„差别都注æ„到了。
    Not both of them serve the purpose.
    并éžä¸¤è€…都适åˆäºŽè¿™ä¸ªç”¨é€”。
    2. "All... not..." å¥å¼
    All synclines do not increase the return energy.
ã€€ã€€ã€€ã€€å¹¶éžæ‰€æœ‰çš„呿–œéƒ½å¢žå¤§è¿”回能。
    Every subject is not treated in the same way.
ã€€ã€€ã€€ã€€å¹¶éžæ¯ä¸ªé—®é¢˜éƒ½æ˜¯ç”¨åŒæ ·æ–¹å¼å¤„ç†çš„。
    3. "... not... all" å¥å¼
    He doesn't like both.
ã€€ã€€ã€€ã€€ä»–ä¸æ˜¯ä¸¤ä¸ªéƒ½å–œæ¬¢ã€‚
    This theory of convection currents within the earth is not yet accpeted by all geologists.
    这个认为地çƒå†…部å˜åœ¨è€…对æµè¿åŠ¨çš„ç†è®ºå°šæœªèµ¢å¾—所有地质å¦å®¶çš„一致赞åŒã€‚
  2)全部å¦å®šçš„表达方å¼åŠè¯‘法
    1. None, no, neither, never +肯定å¼è°“è¯
    None of these strike-slip faults are vertical.
ã€€ã€€ã€€ã€€è¿™äº›èµ°å‘æ–å±‚éƒ½ä¸æ˜¯åž‚直的。
    Neither of the substances dissolves in water.
    这两ç§ç‰©è´¨éƒ½ä¸æº¶äºŽæ°´ã€‚
    2. 肯定å¼è°“è¯ï¼‹ none, neither, nothing
    A proton has a positive charge and a electron a neigative charge, but a neutron has neither.
    质å带有一个æ£ç”µè·ï¼Œç”µå带有一个负电è·ï¼Œä½†ä¸åæ£è´Ÿç”µè·éƒ½ä¸å¸¦ã€‚
    I saw nothing.
    我什么也没有看è§ã€‚
    The straight line passes through none of the points.
    这æ¡ç›´çº¿æ²¡æœ‰é€šè¿‡è¿™äº›ç‚¹ä¸çš„任何一点。
ä¸‰ã€æŠŠå¦å®šå½¢å¼æ˜“为肯定形å¼
  有些英è¯å¥å形弿˜¯å¦å®šçš„ï¼Œå†…å®¹å´æ˜¯è‚¯å®šçš„;汉译时,å¯ä»¥æŠŠè¿™ç±»å¥å译为肯定å¼ã€‚
  The leaves, which are green now, will not turn red until the weather becomes frosty in late automn.
  现在的绿å¶è¦åˆ°æ·±ç§‹ç»éœœ[/b]ä¹‹åŽæ‰ä¼šå˜çº¢[/b]。
  注æ„:“... not... until...â€ç»“构一般å‡å¯è¯‘为“到…æ‰â€¦â€ã€‚
åˆå¦‚:
  Metals do not melt until heated to a definite temperature.
  金属è¦åŠ çƒåˆ°ä¸€å®šçš„æ¸©åº¦æ‰ä¼šç†”化。
  这个结构的强调å¥åž‹æ˜¯â€œIt is not until... that...â€ï¼Œé€šå¸¸è¯‘为“直到…æ‰â€¦â€ã€‚如:
  It is not until meteors strike the earth's atmosphere that they can be seen.
ã€€ã€€ç›´åˆ°æµæ˜Ÿè¿›å…¥å¤§æ°”å±‚åŽæ‰çœ‹å¾—è§å®ƒä»¬ã€‚
  It was not until the sixteenth century that a constructive effort toward solving the ocean's mysteries was begun.
  直到åå…世纪æ‰å¼€å§‹åšå‡ºäº†ç§¯æžçš„å°è¯•æ¥æå¼€å¤§æ´‹ä¹‹è°œã€‚
  It not infrequently happens that what were thought to be correct statements of natural laws turn out to be wrong, or at least subject to modification.
  本æ¥è®¤ä¸ºæ˜¯æ£ç¡®çš„自然规律的论述结果å´è¯æ˜Žæ˜¯é”™è¯¯çš„ï¼Œæˆ–è€…è‡³å°‘ä¹Ÿå¾—ä¿®æ”¹ä¸€ä¸‹ï¼Œè¿™æ ·çš„äº‹æƒ…æ˜¯ç»å¸¸å‘生的。
ã€€ã€€ï¼ˆè¯•æ¯”è¾ƒï¼šâ€¦è¿™æ ·çš„äº‹æƒ…å¹¶éžä¸æ˜¯ç»å¸¸å‘生的。)
  åŒé‡å¦å®šå…¶å®žæ˜¯è‚¯å®šçš„å¦ä¸€ç§è¡¨è¾¾æ–¹å¼ã€‚å¦å®šå†åŠ å¦å®šå°±æ˜¯è‚¯å®šã€‚å› æ¤ï¼ŒæŠŠåŒé‡å¦å®šè¡¨è¾¾å¼è¯‘ä¸ºè‚¯å®šè¡¨è¾¾å¼æ˜¯å¾ˆè‡ªç„¶çš„事情。
åˆå¦‚:
  There is nothing unexpected about it.
ã€€ã€€ä¸€åˆ‡éƒ½åœ¨æ„æ–™ä¹‹ä¸ã€‚
ã€€ã€€è¿™é‡Œéœ€è¦æŒ‡å‡ºçš„æ˜¯ï¼ŒåŒé‡å¦å®šè¡¨è¾¾å¼ä¸æ˜¯è‹±è¯ç‰¹æœ‰çš„现象,汉è¯ä¹Ÿæœ‰åŒç±»å½¢å¼ã€‚æ‰€ä»¥ï¼Œæœ‰æ—¶éœ€è¦æŠŠåŒé‡å¦å®šè¡¨è¾¾å¼ä»è¯‘为åŒé‡å¦å®šè¡¨è¾¾å¼ã€‚如:
  There is no time when the circulation of waters does not take place.
ã€€ã€€æ°´å¾ªçŽ¯æ— æ—¶ä¸åœ¨è¿›è¡Œã€‚
  (若译为“水循环时时在进行â€ï¼Œåˆ™å½±å“è¡¨è¾¾åŽŸæ–‡çš„å¼ºè°ƒè¯æ°”。)
下一节:“用 It 作形å¼ä¸»è¯çš„å¥åž‹çš„译法â€ã€‚ | | 2008年 十月 25日 03:59 | | 第ä¹èŠ‚ã€€ç”¨ It 作形å¼ä¸»è¯çš„å¥åž‹çš„译法
  翻译用 It 作形å¼ä¸»è¯çš„å¥åž‹çš„特点是, 把用 It 作形å¼ä¸»è¯çš„主å¥è¯‘æˆä¸€ä¸ªç‹¬ç«‹çŸè¯æˆ–独立分å¥ã€‚è¿™æ ·ï¼Œä½œä¸ºçœŸæ£ä¸»è¯çš„ä»Žå¥æœ¬èº«å°±å¯ä»¥åˆ†ç¦»å‡ºæ¥ï¼Œä»Žè€Œæ¢å¤å®ƒåº”有的主体地ä½ã€‚
  It is clear that continued compression on a rock layer may result in a fault.
  很清楚,岩层所承å—çš„æŒç»åŽ‹åŠ›ä¼šå¼•èµ·æ–层。
  It is common knowledge that the earth rotates around the sun.
  众所周知,地çƒç»•ç€å¤ªé˜³è½¬ã€‚
  It is generally believed that oil is derived from marine plant and animal life.
ã€€ã€€é€šå¸¸è®¤ä¸ºçŸ³æ²¹æ¥æºäºŽæµ·ç”ŸåЍæ¤ç‰©ã€‚
  It is proved that heat is a form of energy.
  已ç»è¯å®žçƒæ˜¯èƒ½çš„一ç§å½¢å¼ã€‚
  It seems to me that hardiness is the chief essential for success.
  在我看æ¥ï¼Œå𿝅䏿‹”是æˆåŠŸçš„ä¸»è¦å› ç´ ã€‚
  It should be clear to the reader, however, that, in a swiftly moving science, the accepted principles of today may become the historical references of tomorrow.
  然而,在一门å‘展迅速的å¦ç§‘内,今天的公ç†ä¼šæˆä¸ºæ˜Žå¤©çš„历å²å‚考,这一点是读者应当明白的。
  科技文献ä¸ç”¨ It 作形å¼ä¸»è¯çš„常è§å¥åž‹åŠè¯‘法如下:
一ã€It is +形容è¯ï¼‹ that …
It is possible that... 有å¯èƒ½
It is impossible that... ä¸å¯èƒ½
It is obvious/evident/clear/apparent that... 显然,很明显
It is desirable that... 最好;有必è¦
It is important that... é‡è¦çš„æ˜¯
It is necessary that... 有必è¦ï¼Œå¿…è¦çš„æ˜¯
It is natural that... 自然
It is true that... 确实,诚然
It is likely that... 大概,å¯èƒ½
It is unlikely that... ä¸å¤§å¯èƒ½çš„æ˜¯
It is doubtful that... 值得怀疑的是
It is preferable that... 最好
It is satisfactory that... 令人满æ„的是
It is certain that... æ— ç–‘
二ã€It is +åè¯ï¼‹ that …
It is a fact that... 事实上
It is a wonder that... 令人奇怪的是
It is no wonder that... 难怪
It is a good thing that... 好在
It is common knowledge that... 众所周知
It is the case that... 实际情形是
It is a pity that... 坿ƒœï¼Œé—憾的是
三ã€It is +ä¸åŠç‰©åЍè¯ï¼‹ that …
It seems that... 看æ¥ï¼Œä¼¼ä¹Ž
It happened that... æ°å·§
It follows that... ç”±æ¤å¯è§
It appears that... 看æ¥
å››ã€It ï¼‹è¢«åŠ¨è¯æ€ï¼‹ that …
It is said that... æ®è¯´
It is known that... 众所周知,大家知é“
It is believed that...人们认为,æ®ä¿¡
It is generally agreed that... 通常认为
It is reported that... æ®æŠ¥é“
It is understood that... ä¸ç”¨è¯´ï¼Œå¾ˆæ¸…楚
It is claimed that... æ®ç§°
It is hoped that... 希望
It is proposed that... 有人æå‡º
It is declared that... æ®å®£ç§°ï¼Œæœ‰äººå®£ç§°
It should be pointed out that... 应当指出
It must be kept in mind that... 必须记ä½
It should be stressed that... 应当强调的是
It must be admitted that... 必须承认
It is assumed that... å‡å®š
It can be seen that... å¯ä»¥çœ‹å‡º
下一节:“长å¥çš„译法â€ã€‚ | | 2008年 十月 26日 02:46 | | 第å节 长å¥çš„译法
  长å¥ä¸€èˆ¬éƒ½æœ‰ç»“æž„å¤æ‚,层次é‡å 的特点。所以长å¥ç¿»è¯‘çš„å›°éš¾ä¹Ÿå°±åœ¨äºŽå¦‚ä½•é‡æ–°å®‰æŽ’这些层次,是译文结构清晰,è¯ä¹‰æ˜Žç¡®ï¼Œè¯è¨€æµç•…。
ã€€ã€€ç¿»è¯‘é•¿å¥æ—¶ï¼Œéœ€åœ¨å‡†ç¡®åœ°ç†è§£å…¨å¥æ„æ€çš„基础上,分清å„éƒ¨åˆ†ä¹‹é—´çš„ç›¸äº’å…³ç³»ï¼Œç„¶åŽæ ¹æ®æ±‰è¯çš„è¡¨è¾¾ä¹ æƒ¯ï¼Œäºˆä»¥é‡æ–°å®‰æŽ’ï¼Œè€Œä¸æ‹˜æ³¥äºŽåŽŸæ–‡çš„ç»“æž„å½¢å¼ã€‚
  下é¢ä»‹ç»é•¿å¥çš„å‡ ç§è¯‘法:
一ã€è¯‘æˆå¸¦é•¿ä¿®é¥°è¯çš„ç´§å¼ åž‹é•¿å¥
  长å¥ä¸æœ‰ä¸€è¿žä¸²çš„修饰è¯ã€ä»Žå±žå¥æˆ–其它æˆåˆ†ï¼Œå®ƒä»¬ç´§å¯†ç›¸è”,集ä¸åœ°è¡¨è¾¾ä¸€ä¸ªå®Œæ•´çš„æ¦‚å¿µï¼Œç¿»è¯‘æ—¶ä¸ºäº†ä¿æŒæ¦‚念的完整性,å¥å虽长,一般也è¦è¯‘æˆä¸é—´æ²¡æœ‰åœé¡¿æˆ–很少åœé¡¿çš„带长修饰è¯çš„å¥å。
  The amount of energy is the amout of positive work the body can do in changing from the condition it is in to some other condition.
  能é‡çš„æ•°å€¼æ˜¯è¯¥ç‰©ä½“从所处的情况转化为å¦ä¸€ç§æƒ…况时所åšçš„æ£åŠŸçš„æ•°å€¼ã€‚
  (原å¥åœ¨ can å’Œ it å‰åˆ†åˆ«çœç•¥äº†å…³ç³»ä»£è¯ which å’Œ that。原å¥çš„表è¯ä¸ä»…有修饰æˆåˆ†ï¼Œè€Œä¸”带有两个定è¯ä»Žå¥ï¼Œè™½ç„¶å±‚次é‡å ,但å„部分è”系紧密,ä¸èƒ½æ‹†å¼€åˆ†è¯‘。)
  The minerals that make up the great bulk of a rock and hence determine both its gross chemical properties and its classification are called the essential minerals.
  所谓主è¦çŸ¿ç‰©ï¼Œå°±æ˜¯æž„æˆä¸€ç§å²©çŸ³çš„ç»å¤§éƒ¨åˆ†ï¼Œå¹¶å› 而既决定了该岩石的总的化å¦ç‰©è´¨ï¼Œä¹Ÿå†³å®šäº†è¯¥å²©çŸ³çš„分类的矿物。
  (本å¥ä¸ä¸»è¯å¸¦æœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªå®šè¯ä»Žå¥ï¼Œè€Œå®šè¯ä»Žå¥åˆåŒ…嫿œ‰ä¸¤ä¸ªè¾ƒé•¿çš„并列谓è¯ï¼Œä¸»è¯è™½é•¿ï¼Œä½†å„部分è”系紧密,如拆开æ¥è¯‘,则有æŸâ€œä¸»è¦çŸ¿ç‰©â€è¿™ä¸ªå®šä¹‰çš„严密性。)
二ã€è¯‘æˆèˆ’缓型长å¥
  原文å¥å虽长,但其修饰æˆåˆ†ã€ä»Žå±žå¥æ‰€è¡¨è¾¾çš„æ¦‚念具有相对的独立性,这类å¥åä¸€èˆ¬å¯æ‹†å¼€æ¥è¯‘,译æˆç”±è‹¥å¹²çŸè¯æˆ–åˆ†å¥æž„æˆçš„舒缓型长å¥ã€‚为了使译文å‰åŽè¯æ°”连贯ã€é€»è¾‘严密,有时å¯åŠ è¿›å¿…è¦çš„è¯è¯ã€‚
  1)顺åºè¯‘法
  如果原文的å™è¿°å±‚次与汉è¯ä¹ 惯大致相åŒï¼Œåˆ™å¯æŒ‰ç…§åŽŸæ–‡çš„ä¸Šä¸‹å±‚æ¬¡é¡ºåºè€Œè¯‘。
  In fact, the generally accpeted theory now is that the production of rain depends upon the presence of dust particles in the air, which serve as nuclei about which the drops may form.
ã€€ã€€äº‹å®žä¸Šï¼Œç›®å‰æ™®é公认的ç†è®ºæ˜¯ï¼šé›¨çš„å½¢æˆä¾èµ–于空气ä¸å°˜ç²’çš„å˜åœ¨ï¼Œå› 为尘粒å¯ä½œä¸ºæ™¶æ ¸ï¼Œä½¿é›¨ç 在其周围生æˆã€‚
  The history of geology is full of plausible generalizations tested and discarded; on the other hand, seemingly half-baked facies have proven, under close examination and repeated test, to be probable after all -- for instance, the theory that the existing continents were once parts of larger masses that split and drifted apart.
  在地质å¦çš„å‘展历å²ä¸Šï¼Œæœ‰å¾ˆå¤šæŽ¨è®ºè²Œä¼¼æœ‰ç†ï¼Œå®žåˆ™ç»ä¸èµ·æ£€éªŒï¼›ç„¶è€Œï¼Œä¹Ÿæœ‰äº›çŒœæƒ³çœ‹èµ·æ¥å¾ˆå¹¼ç¨šï¼Œä½†ç»è¿‡å‘¨å¯†çš„考察和åå¤çš„æ£€éªŒï¼Œå´è¯å®žæ¯•竟很有é“ç†â€”—比如有这么一ç§ç†è®ºï¼Œå®ƒè®¤ä¸ºçްå˜çš„å¤§é™†æ›¾ç»æ˜¯æ›´å¤§çš„陆å—的组æˆéƒ¨åˆ†ï¼ŒåŽæ¥æ‰åˆ†ç¦»å¹¶æ¼‚移开æ¥çš„,这便是其ä¸ä¹‹ä¸€ä¾‹ã€‚
  2)逆åºè¯‘法
  有些长å¥çš„å™è¿°å±‚次与汉è¯ä¹ 惯相å,若按原文的顺åºå¾€ä¸‹è¯‘ï¼Œåˆ™ä½¿è¯‘æ–‡å±‚æ¬¡ä¸æ¸…ï¼Œæ¦‚å¿µæ¨¡ç³Šï¼Œå› æ¤é¡»æŒ‰æ±‰è¯çš„ä¹ æƒ¯ï¼Œå°†å™è¿°å±‚次予以适当å˜åŠ¨ï¼Œæœ‰æ—¶åˆ™é¡»ç”±ä¸‹è€Œä¸Šï¼Œé€†åºè€Œè¯‘。
  In reality, the lines of division between sicences are becoming blurred, and science is again approaching the "unity" that it had two centuries ago -- although the accumulated knowledge is enormously greater now, and no one person can hope to comprehend more than a fraction of it.
  事实上,虽然现在积累起æ¥çš„知识比以往多得多,并且任何个人也åªå¯æœ›äº†è§£å…¶ä¸çš„一å°éƒ¨åˆ†ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯ï¼Œå„å¦ç§‘之间的界线å´å˜å¾—æ¨¡ç³Šä¸æ¸…,科å¦å†æ¬¡è¿‘似于æˆä¸ºäºŒç™¾å¹´å‰çš„“å•一整体â€ã€‚
  (按照汉è¯ä¹ 惯,让æ¥ä»Žå¥ä¸€èˆ¬åœ¨å‰ï¼Œæ•…将原å¥ä¸ç”± although å¼•å¯¼çš„ä¸¤ä¸ªå¹¶åˆ—åˆ†å¥æåˆ°ä¸»å¥å‰é¢è¯‘出。)
  Most of what we know about the earth below the limited depth to which boreholes or mine shafts have penetrated has come from geophysical observations.
ã€€ã€€é’»å”æˆ–矿井业已达到的深度是有é™çš„ï¼Œåœ¨æ¤æ·±åº¦ä»¥ä¸‹ï¼Œæˆ‘们对于地çƒçš„了解,大部分都是从地çƒç‰©ç†çš„观测结果得到的。
  (原å¥å¹¶ä¸å¾ˆé•¿ï¼Œåªæ˜¯ç”±äºŽä¸»è¯å¸¦æœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªåè¯æ€§ä»Žå¥ï¼Œè€Œåè¯æ€§ä»Žå¥æœ¬èº«åˆå¸¦æœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªå®šè¯ä»Žå¥ï¼Œå› 而层次é‡å ,若顺åºè¯‘æ¥ï¼Œåˆ™è¯‘文难å…头é‡è„šè½»ï¼Œè¡Œæ–‡ä¸ç•…,故现在由里å‘外,自下而上地先将åè¯æ€§ä»Žå¥åˆ†å±‚译出,然åŽå†è¯‘主å¥ã€‚)
ä¸‰ã€æ–å¥åˆ†è¯‘法
  汉è¯ä¹ 惯用çŸå¥ï¼Œå³ä½¿åœ¨è¡¨è¾¾æ¯”è¾ƒå¤æ‚的概念时,也常用一连串的çŸå¥ï¼Œé€ç‚¹äº¤ä»£ï¼Œå±‚层铺开,使è¯å¥ç®€ç»ƒã€æ¡ç†æ¸…晰。所以当英è¯é•¿å¥ä¸ä»Žå±žå¥æˆ–ä¿®é¥°è¯æ‰€è¡¨è¾¾çš„内容相互关系ä¸å¯†åˆ‡ï¼Œå…·æœ‰ä¸€å®šçš„独立性时,常将长å¥è¯‘æˆè‹¥å¹²çŸå¥ï¼Œç„¶åŽï¼ŒæŒ‰ç…§é€»è¾‘次åºï¼Œäºˆä»¥é‡æ–°å®‰æŽ’,有的顺译,有的倒置。
  Many sedimentary rocks contain such features as ripple marks, exactly like those we can see forming in sediments at the bottom of present-day lakes or shallow seas.
  我们å¯ä»¥çœ‹åˆ°ï¼ŒçŽ°åœ¨çš„æ¹–åº•æˆ–æµ…æµ·åº•éƒ¨çš„æ²‰ç§¯ç‰©ä¸å½¢æˆäº†æ³¢ç—•ã€‚è®¸å¤šæ²‰ç§¯å²©éƒ½å«æœ‰ç±»ä¼¼è¿™ç§æ³¢ç—•的特å¾ã€‚
  (本å¥ä¸ç®—太长,结构也ä¸ç”šå¤æ‚,å´åˆ†æˆäº†ä¸¤å¥æ¥è¯‘,å¦åˆ™è¯‘文难å…å†—é•¿è‡ƒè‚¿ï¼Œè¯æ„䏿˜Žã€‚è¯•æ¯”è¾ƒï¼šå¾ˆå¤šæ²‰ç§¯å²©åŒ…å«æœ‰ç±»ä¼¼æˆ‘们所能看到的现在的湖底或浅海底部的沉积物ä¸å½¢æˆçš„é‚£äº›æ³¢ç—•çš„è¿™æ ·ä¸€äº›æ³¢ç—•çš„ç‰¹å¾ã€‚)
  We learn that sodium or any of its compounds produces a spectrum having a bright yellow double line by noticing that there is no such line in the spectrum of light when sodium is not present, but that if the smallest quantity of sodium be thrown into the flame or other souces of light, the bight yellow line instantly appears.
ã€€ã€€å½“æˆ‘ä»¬æŠŠå¾ˆå°‘çš„ä¸€ç‚¹é’ æŠ•å…¥ç«ç„°æˆ–其它光æºä¸æ—¶ï¼Œæˆ‘们会立刻看到光谱ä¸å‡ºçް䏀æ¡é²œé»„色的åŒçº¿ï¼›å½“é’ ä¸å˜åœ¨æ—¶ï¼Œå…‰è°±ä¸çš„è¿™æ¡çº¿ä¹Ÿå°±æ¶ˆå¤±äº†ã€‚ç”±æ¤æˆ‘们知é“ï¼Œé’ æˆ–ä»»ä½•é’ çš„åŒ–åˆç‰©æ‰€äº§ç”Ÿçš„光谱都带有一æ¡é²œé»„色的åŒçº¿ã€‚
  (原文ä¸çš„ by noticing... 用æ¥è¯´æ˜Žå¥ä¸è°“è¯åŠ¨è¯ learn,由于 noticing 带有两个并列的åè¯ä»Žå¥ï¼Œè€Œè¿™ä¸¤ä¸ªåè¯ä»Žå¥åˆå„带ç€ä¸€ä¸ªçжè¯ä»Žå¥ï¼Œå› æ¤ç»“æž„æ‹‰å¾—å¾ˆé•¿ï¼Œè¯‘æ–‡å¾ˆéš¾å®‰æŽ’ã€‚çŽ°é‡‡ç”¨é€†åºæ–å¥åˆ†è¯‘,先用两个çŸå¥è¯´å‡ºåŽŸå› ï¼Œå†ç”¨ä¸€ä¸ªçŸå¥å½’纳认识,译文就通畅了。)
连载完毕。 | | 2008年 十一月 5日 12:42 | | |
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